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伦勃朗 梵 莱茵 作品画册专辑 |
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伦勃朗 梵 莱茵 作品画册专辑 |
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伦勃朗 梵 莱茵 作品画册专辑 |
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伦勃朗 梵 莱茵 作品画册专辑 |
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伦勃朗 梵 莱茵 作品画册专辑 |
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伦勃朗 梵 莱茵 作品画册专辑 | |||||||||||||||
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伦勃朗 梵 莱茵(Rembrandt van Rijn,1606-1669 ) 国内常称为伦勃朗。
伦勃朗是荷兰最伟大的画家,也是西方美术界一位最重要的画家。他的肖像画以其独到的深度为圣经人物创造了新的形象。他还是一位颇有建树的制版家和印刷专家。
1606年出生于莱登市。最初他只是就近在莱登市拜师习画,到17岁时又进入阿姆斯特丹一位著名的画家门下,他就是相当知名的画意大利画风的拉斯特曼(Pieter Lastman)。伦勃朗学成之后,就回到故乡开始了他的绘画生涯。
在1631年到1632年,他又搬回到阿姆斯特丹。开始时他以肖像画出名。他的自画像为我们提供了珍贵的史料。伦勃朗又是一位出色的历史画家和宗教画家。
1634年,伦勃朗与荷斯卡亚结婚。荷斯卡亚去世后,伦勃朗又与斯托菲尔结婚,并有了一个孩子。
1656年,伦勃朗破产了,斯托菲尔和他的儿子奇多斯开了一家公司,出售他的作品,这样才使他的画有了销路,不再让他欠债。
1669年在阿姆斯特丹去世,并被葬在威斯特柯克。
1606年7月15日生于莱顿,1669年10月4日卒于阿姆斯特丹。年轻时在阿姆斯特丹从画家拉斯特曼习画。17世纪初,荷兰新兴资产阶级 以加尔文教为国教,废除教堂的装饰画和祭坛画。可是伦勃朗受拉斯特曼影响,加上宗教画在荷兰富裕市民中仍有市场,因而一直对圣经题材感兴趣,一生中没有中 断过绘制宗教画,但对这类画作了世俗化的处理。约1625年,他返故乡设画室,从事绘画创作和招收学生。其创作生涯大体上包括4个阶段。
莱顿时期(约1625~1631)
伦 勃朗的绘画体裁广泛,包括肖像画、风俗画、风景画、宗教画、历史画等。现存的最早署有年代的作品为宗教画《圣斯蒂芬被石块击毙》(约1626,里昂美术 馆)。这类油画受拉斯特曼以及乌得勒支画派画家 洪特霍斯特 的影响,采用意大利画家卡拉瓦乔的强烈明暗对比画法,以加强画面的戏剧性效果。它在人 物形象刻画方面,却通过更深入地捕捉面部表情的细微变化来揭示其內心活动。从莱顿时期起,开始绘制大量肖像画。他一直对老年人以及各种富有绘画性特 征的人物感兴趣。自画像真迹目前估计总数在60~100幅之间。为了塑造具有个性特征的人物形象,画家耗尽毕生精力来研究面相学。这方面的探索成果,乃是 他表现技法的一个重要组成部分。
1632年起,伦勃朗定居阿姆斯特丹,在艺术上进入成熟阶段。成名作《蒂尔普教授的解剖课》(1632,海牙莫里斯 皇家绘画陈列馆),突破荷兰传统的团体肖像画的呆板程式,在构图和人物神态上均处理得逼真而生动,因而受到好评。伦勃朗此后10年中成为该城最受欢迎的画 家。同时期中,他还画了大量肖像画和宗教画,其中的宗教画主要以 巴洛克 风格画成。伦勃朗在他所写的少数几篇文章中谈到,他力求在作品中,以显眼的人体姿态 和运动来表达最巨大的內心情感。此类巴洛克绘画中,最激动人心的为《参孙被弄瞎眼睛》(1636)。画中的参孙之妻大利拉,因犯下伤天害理的罪行而惊惶失 措,表情细腻而复杂,被有些评论家形容为相当于莎士比亚笔下的麦克白夫人。
年轻时候的成功使伦勃朗富裕起来。他开 始收购艺术品和古董。1639年迁居一座豪华的住宅。妻子萨斯基亚为他许多作品充当模特儿。画家在这阶段中看来过着无忧无虑的生活。评论家们一般认为从他 当时的一些自画像中,可以察觉其心情的偷快。但也有人指出,这类自画像和亲友肖像中,有一部分曾被搬用于他的宗教历史画。著名的《怀抱萨斯基亚的自画像》 (约1635,德累斯顿画廊),据近年考证,可能是一幅进行道德说教的宗教画。
阿姆斯特丹盛期(1640~1648)
40 年代,伦勃朗个人生活中遇到了一些不幸事件。生活的折磨使他更深刻地去观察和理解社会,在艺术上进入深化阶段。1642年,萨斯基亚在儿子蒂蒂斯出生后不 久病死。同年,名画《夜巡》(阿姆斯特丹国立博物馆)问世。画家进一步突破传统的团体肖像画程式,使它带有风俗画和历史画的性质,其目的可能是为了要使观 众由此而回忆起往昔荷兰人民反抗异族统治的革命斗争。
“夜 巡”这个名称是约1800年才出现的。这是由于,此画被后人凃上过厚的光油层,加上超过一个半世纪的时间侵蚀和空气污染,以致画面变暗,像是夜景图。2O 世纪,主要是1947年和198O年先后两次以此画整修,把过厚的光油层除去,这样才证实,它所描绘的确是白天情景。有人认为,它的名称应改为“弗朗斯· 班宁·科克上尉射击手连的出发”关于此画,过去流传过这样的说法:当此画的顾主们看到完成了的作品时很不满意,因为他们中间不少人被画在不够显眼的部分。 他们要求画家修改此画,而画家拒绝,造成僵局,伦勃朗因而成为阿姆斯特丹上层社会中不受欢迎的画家。他后半辈子生活在贫病和不幸之中,似乎主要是《夜巡》 这一幅画造成的。这种假设近几十年来经许多国家专家考证,已被否定,但是自画家去世后不久,以上传说就开始为一些富有浪漫主义幻想的传记家所一再复述,为 的是要渲染所谓天才人物生前往往不能为群众理解。事实上,《夜巡》这幅画最后仍为顾主接受,画家也获得了事先议定的报酬。此后,他仍继续不断接受种种重要 的订画任务。至于40年代后期起,伦勃朗不再像在3O年代中那样受许多顾主欢迎,以致生活越来越困难,这种情况则不仅仅是为《夜巡》一幅画,而是为画家画 风的改变所造成的。《夜巡》这幅画实际上标志着第2、3这两个时期之间的过渡。《夜巡》采用接近于舞台效果的表现手法,使两个主要人物处于照明的中心,显 得很突出,并好像正在向观众走来。这种手法加强了整个画面宏伟的巴洛克气势。不过《夜巡》以后,伦勃朗越来越少地运用巴洛克美术那种激动不安和讲究排场的 艺术效果,而是热衷于采用更加含蓄的手法去表现画中人物的內心活动。这类手法当时并不流行,因而尽管伦勃朗的创新作品仍有一批赏识者,却毕竟未为多数市民理解。
这时期的作品《圣家族》(1645)等虽为宗教画,却洋溢着世俗精神,正如马克思所说:伦勃朗是按照尼德兰的农妇来画圣母的。同一时期中,他对景写生,制作了《三棵树》(1643)等蚀刻画和一些风景素描。
约1645年,斯托费尔斯来到伦勃朗的家中,以后成为他的妻子;她的形象曾出现在他的许多作品中。
据2O世纪60年代统计,伦勃朗留下的作品包括约600幅油画、350幅蚀刻画和1500张素描。70年代以来陆续还有一些新的发现。
Rembrandt HARMENSZOON VAN RIJN (b. July 15, 1606, Leiden, Neth.--d. Oct. 4, 1669, Amsterdam), Dutch painter, draftsman, and etcher of the 17th century, a giant in the history of art. His paintings are characterized by luxuriant brushwork, rich colour, and a mastery of chiaroscuro. Numerous portraits and self-portraits exhibit a profound penetration of character. His drawings constitute a vivid record of contemporary Amsterdam life. The greatest artist of the Dutch school, he was a master of light and shadow whose paintings, drawings, and etchings made him a giant in the history of art.
Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn was born on July 15, 1606, in Leiden, the Netherlands. His father was a miller who wanted the boy to follow a learned profession, but Rembrandt left the University of Leiden to study painting. His early work was devoted to showing the lines, light and shade, and color of the people he saw about him. He was influenced by the work of Caravaggio and was fascinated by the work of many other Italian artists. When Rembrandt became established as a painter, he began to teach and continued teaching art throughout his life.
In 1631, when Rembrandt's work had become well known and his studio in Leiden was flourishing, he moved to Amsterdam. He became the leading portrait painter in Holland and received many commissions for portraits as well as for paintings of religious subjects. He lived the life of a wealthy, respected citizen and met the beautiful Saskia van Uylenburgh, whom he married in 1634. She was the model for many of his paintings and drawings. Rembrandt's works from this period are characterized by strong lighting effects. In addition to portraits, Rembrandt attained fame for his landscapes, while as an etcher he ranks among the foremost of all time. When he had no other model, he painted or sketched his own image. It is estimated that he painted between 50 and 60 self-portraits.
In 1636 Rembrandt began to depict quieter, more contemplative scenes with a new warmth in color. During the next few years three of his four children died in infancy, and in 1642 his wife died. In the 1630s and 1640s he made many landscape drawings and etchings. His landscape paintings are imaginative, rich portrayals of the land around him. Rembrandt was at his most inventive in the work popularly known as The Night Watch, painted in 1642. It depicts a group of city guardsmen awaiting the command to fall in line. Each man is painted with the care that Rembrandt gave to single portraits, yet the composition is such that the separate figures are second in interest to the effect of the whole. The canvas is brilliant with color, movement, and light. In the foreground are two men, one in bright yellow, the other in black. The shadow of one color tones down the lightness of the other. In the center of the painting is a little girl dressed in yellow.
Rembrandt had become accustomed to living comfortably. From the time he could afford to, he bought many paintings by other artists. By the mid-1650s he was living so far beyond his means that his house and his goods had to be auctioned to pay some of his debts. He had fewer commissions in the 1640s and 1650s, but his financial circumstances were not unbearable. For today's student of art, Rembrandt remains, as the Dutch painter Jozef Israels said, "the true type of artist, free, untrammeled by traditions."
The number of works attributed to Rembrandt varies. He produced approximately 600 paintings, 300 etchings, and 1,400 drawings. Some of his works are: St. Paul in Prison (1627); Supper at Emmaus (1630); The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp (1632); Young Girl at an Open Half-Door (1645); The Mill (1650); Aristotle Contemplating the Bust of Homer (1653); The Return of the Prodigal Son (after 1660); The Syndics of the Drapers' Guild (1662); and many portraits.
Return of the Prodigal Son
by Rembrandt van Rijn 55.9 x 71.1 cmNight Watch
by Rembrandt van Rijn 81.3 x 61.0 cmThe Prophet Jeremiah Mourning over the Destruction of Jerusalem, 1630
by Rembrandt van Rijn 55.9 x 73.7 cmAristotle with a Bust of Homer
by Rembrandt van Rijn 55.9 x 71.1 cmThe Night Watch, 1642
by Rembrandt van Rijn 71.1 x 55.9 cmNight Watch
by Rembrandt van Rijn 63.5 x 55.9 cmSelf-Portrait, 1659
by Rembrandt van Rijn 55.9 x 71.1 cmPhilosopher Reading
by Rembrandt van Rijn 55.9 x 71.1 cmReturn of the Prodigal Son
by Rembrandt van Rijn 61.0 x 81.3 cmMan with Helmet
by Rembrandt van Rijn 55.9 x 71.1 cmStudy of an Elephant
by Rembrandt van Rijn 50.8 x 40.6 cmReturn of the Prodigal Son
by Rembrandt van Rijn 27.9 x 35.6 cmSleeping Girl, Drawing, British Museum, London
by Rembrandt van Rijn 45.7 x 61.0 cmSelfportrait with Mouth Open
by Rembrandt van Rijn 45.7 x 61.0 cmSamson Posing a Riddle at the Wedding Feast, 1638
by Rembrandt van Rijn 61.0 x 45.7 cmGirl with a Broom, 1640
by Rembrandt van Rijn 45.7 x 61.0 cmSaint Matthew Inspired by an Angel, 1661
by Rembrandt van Rijn 45.7 x 61.0 cmMeditating Philosopher, 1632
by Rembrandt van Rijn 61.0 x 45.7 cm






















